TNF and COVID-19: Among these 21 modules, PBMC.mod2 (containing 802 genes) was enriched for several pathways that have previously been associated with COVID-19, including TNF-α signaling via nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inflammatory response,36 IFN-γ response,37 and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling38 (Figure 6A).