GDF15 and heart failure: Subset D included many proteins that are implicated in various pathways in heart failure: myocardial stretch/stress and fibrosis (NT-proBNP, ANP, ST2, GDF15, and FGF23), extracellular matrix remodelling (MMP2 and TIMP1), myocyte injury (troponin T, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein and sFAS), inflammation (prolactinon, adiponectin, soluble endoglin, FAS (APO-1), osteoprotegerin and CA-125), neurohumoral activation (adrenomedullin, chromogranin A and B) and renal dysfunction (cystatin C and kidney injury molecule-1).