This antimicrobial efficacy was unanticipated because previous studies have used TNFR2 agonists to dampen pathogenic inflammatory responses in the context of neurodegeneration (78, 79), cancer (80), and acute graft-versus-host disease (45, 81), including the TNFR2 agonist used in this study (45). Here, TNFRSF1B is linked to acute graft versus host disease.