In a study by Kulprane et al,[54] the allele distribution of IL-4 -590 C, -33 C, and VNTR R3 was greater among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) (25.58%, 25.58%, and 25.58%, respectively) than among control subjects (20%, 20.48%, and 19.44%, respectively). Here, IL4 is linked to pulmonary tuberculosis.