CD44 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: For example, CD133+ cancer stem cells show high resistance to standard chemotherapy (Hermann et al., 2007); CD44 sustains GEM resistance in pancreatic cancer cells (Hong et al., 2009); c-MET is also enhanced in GEM resistant (GR) pancreatic cancer cells and necessary for chemoresistance (Shah et al., 2007; Li et al., 2011; Avan et al., 2013; Ioannou et al., 2016).