TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: It’s reported that the activation of NF-κB will induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which lead to inflammatory diseases, including arthritis11, psoriasis12, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)13 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).14