The levels of chemokines such as IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10)/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG/CXCL9) and CXCR3 were found to be increased in PBC patients and their first-degree relatives, with the expression of IP-10 and MIG in the portal areas. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL9 and primary biliary cholangitis.