Notably, cytoplasmic accumulation of TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), a disease hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), can trigger mtDNA release via the MPTP and VDAC1 oligomers to upregulate the NF-κB and cGAS-STING signaling (118). Here, NFKB1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.