HMOX1 and viral infectious disease: This in turn reduces the expression of Nrf2-dependent target genes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), hemoxigenase 1 (HO-1/HMOX1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and triggers interferon (IFN) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway to combat the virus infection (Jamaluddin et al., 2009).