NR1H3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: CS has been shown to affect the expression of LXRαβ in the lung but whether or not this effects is beneficial or adverse is still not clear: CS has been shown to down-regulate LXRα, ABCA1, and ABCG1 expression in both lungs and cultured alveolar macrophages from rats while activating LXR pathways by Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) improved chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) rat model by reducing inflammatory response and promoting reverse cholesterol transport 35.