Similarly, chemokines such as CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were significantly higher in PTB-LBMI compared to LTB-LBMI, while conversely chemokines such as CCL4 and CCL11 were significantly lower in PTB-LBMI compared to LTB-LBMI Thus, low BMI is associated with altered levels of cytokine and chemokines in both tuberculosis disease and infection. Here, CXCL2 is linked to tuberculosis.