INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Coffee may directly affect different mechanistic factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Several components of coffee may ameliorate the symptoms of T2DM by affecting glucose regulation. These may include the effects of CGA on glucose-6-phosphatase, the antioxidant activity of polyphenols on α-glucosidase, and the effects of caffeine on insulin secretion.