CST3 and Cognitive impairment: This study did not explore an interaction between race and cystatin C. Lastly, a prospective cohort of women aged >65 in the United States showed that cystatin C levels of 1.15−2.37 mg/L (vs. 0.61−0.91 mg/L) were associated with 1.4 times higher odds of 10-year incident cognitive impairment, after adjusting for race and age (Slinin et al., 2015).