CST3 and chronic kidney disease: For example, a study found that in adults of age 50−59, non-Hispanic Black had 2.23 and Mexican Americans had 1.01 higher odds of elevated serum cystatin C levels (i.e., >1.12 mg/L) than their non-Hispanic White counterparts, even after adjustment for known risk factors of chronic kidney disease (Köttgen et al., 2008).