The Cardiovascular Health Study, a community-based longitudinal cohort of older adults (aged ≥65) with a representative sample of non-Hispanic Black participants, estimated a 1.39 greater hazard of cognitive impairment among those with cystatin C levels >1.16 vs. ≤0.90 mg/L (Sarnak et al., 2008). This evidence concerns the gene CST3 and Cognitive impairment.