CXCL12 and adenomyosis: Furthermore, dysregulation of some genes, such as CXCL12, GRIM-19, and Pak4, is associated not only with TC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion but also with the induction of the ectopia and promotion of the spread and localized growth of endometrial cells in the development of adenomyosis [19-21]⁠⁠.