TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition, RT promotes the release of the immunosuppressive chemokines CCL2 and CCL5, activation of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β, secretion of activator A, and local accumulation of extracellular adenosine, which together lead to the recruitment of regulatory T cells, immunosuppressive (M2) macrophages, and MDSCs, prevent CD8+ T cell activation and function, mediate tumor immune resistance, and inhibit RT effects [44–48].