TLR4 and infection: Upon clean injury to the larval or adult epidermis, Toll signaling is activated in fat bodies, circulating hemocytes, and the larval lymph gland (hematopoietic organ), exerting immune responses through expression of effector proteins, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and hemocyte differentiation to protect the organism against subsequent infection and parasitization [5,6].