INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Additionally, increased senescent adipocytes in T2D were also characterized by increased γ-H2AX staining as a measure of unresolved DNA damage response (DDR), increased SASP factors, and markers of dysfunctional adipocytes, including reduced expression of PPARγ, the glucose transporter GLUT4, and adiponectin, as well as impaired insulin sensitivity measured by phosphorylation of serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT) on serine 473 (25).