Activation of the NF-κB transcription factor by ADP-heptose through the ALPK1/TIFA pathway induces the expression of inflammatory genes during infections with pathogens such as S. flexneri [5,8], S. typhimurium, N. meningitidis [8], Y. pseudotuberculosis [4], H. pylori [9], and C. jejuni [3] (Figure 2). Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.