A recent study has further determined that C. sakazakii is able to induce NEC inflammation and cellular death through interaction with the TLR4 signaling pathway, activation of intracellular NF-κβ, and upregulation downstream of the NLRP3 inflammasome that triggers pyroptosis and inflammatory disruption of the intestinal barrier [72]. Here, TLR4 is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.