CTSS and neuroblastoma: Regarding alterations in the autophagy–lysosome pathway induced by HSV-1, previous studies have reported the accumulation of LC3-II, which is known to be associated with impairments in the autophagosome–lysosome fusion process contributing to loss of proteostasis and neurodegeneration [43], as well as inhibition of cathepsin activity in human neuroblastoma cells infected with HSV-1 [14].