MUC1 and chronic kidney disease: HIF stabilization and subsequent increases in MUC1 expression in renal tubular cells may occur because of reduced oxygen supply or a hypoxic microenvironment in the context of many renal diseases such as acute kidney injury or CKD and renal inflammation (Howie, 1986; Haase, 2013; Nangaku et al, 2013; Schodel & Ratcliffe, 2019; Hinze et al, 2022).