The differentially expressed genes of NR8383 cells treated with D. farinae exosomes were significantly enriched in cell cycle, viral protein interaction, amoebiasis, rheumatoid arthritis and toxoplasmosis pathways (Fig. 8D), and PPI network analysis of the 100 most highly expressed genes identified six top hub genes, including CXCLs, CCRs, IL-10, IL-5, IL-17, and NLRP3 (Fig. 9B). Here, IL10 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.