Lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), can trigger M1 macrophages to secrete tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12, and promote anti-tumor immune response. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.