PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In recent years, the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapies, has represented a major advance in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), allowing sustained recovery and disease remission in a significant proportion of patients (1, 2).