INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes has become a global pandemic, with an estimated 536.6 million people living with diabetes worldwide in 2021, and this is likely to increase to 783.2 million by the year 2045.1 The primary pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involves insulin resistance in the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, followed by defects in insulin secretion later in the course of the disease.2 Notably, T2DM is a polygenic disorder that develops complex interactions between genes and the environment.