INS and diabetes mellitus: Since then, diabetes has been widely recognized as a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (type 1) or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (type 2 or ‘insulin resistant’).9 Our group has a strong interest in reframing this basic tenet and recently reviewed the evolution of the term ‘insulin resistance’.10 In later stages of the disease, all patients with diabetes manifest excess fatigue, urination and thirst as a result of insulin deficiency.