This is because MHD patients not only have classical risk factors for CVD, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia, but also have many non-classical chronic kidney disease (CKD)-specific risk factors for CVD, including anemia, volume overload, mineral bone disorders, inflammation, malnutrition, and activation of sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems [7]. Here, REN is linked to chronic kidney disease.