The expression of some types of HDACs was markedly upregulated, including type-1, -3, -4, and -8 and sirt-1, -6, and -7, while some were downregulated, such as type-2, -9, and -11, suggesting that diabetes caused epigenetic changes in LSK cells of the BM (Supplementary Fig. 3). This evidence concerns the gene SIRT1 and diabetes mellitus.