NF1 and glioma: 26). More recently, increased Pi was detected in gliomas using MRS (Ref. 27), and dysregulated expression of the gene PHD-finger protein 3 (PHF3) in glioblastoma overlaps with similar dysregulated gene expression of PHF3 in autism (Ref. 28). Increased benign glioma risk of the central nervous system in children is also associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) (Ref. 29), and autistic behaviour is elevated in children with NF1 (Ref. 30).