More specifically, studies using neuronal models of vascular dementia have shown the contribution of zinc-induced neurotoxicity to its pathogenesis, upregulating endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes like CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and growth-arrest- and DNA-damage-inducible gene 34 (GADD34) [263]. This evidence concerns the gene DDIT3 and vascular dementia.