Additionally, in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced mouse model of PD, UDCA treatment decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and prevented MPTP-induced degeneration of DA neurons, whose mechanism correlates with the inhibition of phosphorylation of JNK and p38MAPK to against neuroinflammation [130]. Here, TNF is linked to Parkinson disease.