CD8A and neoplasm: In this study, we also included biomarkers: p16 and p53 associated with HPV status and classification [4, 7, 18, 21, 31, 37], Ki-67 related to tumor proliferation and differentiation [27–29, 38], and PD-L1 and CD8 + TILs linked with tumor immune microenvironment [16, 17, 19–21, 30].