In HIV infection, changes in blood flow with concomitant increase in the circulation of biomarkers like IL-6, D-dimer, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM), and endothelial microvesicles exacerbate EC injury and loss of integrity [62]. Here, TNF is linked to HIV infectious disease.