Analysis of the upstream regulators for fibroblast sub-cluster 3 and sub-cluster 6 marker genes showed the greatest increase of the activation z scores for key psoriasis-associated cytokines IFN-γ, TNF, IL-1β, OSM, and IL-17A, with a decrease for IL-5, EDN1, and IL-4, all reported to be associated with fibrosis (Fig. 4h)28–30. Here, TNF is linked to psoriasis.