CAFs (α-SMA+) and lymphatic vessels (PDPN+ or LYVE1+) were abundant in CCA tumor tissues compared with those in normal liver tissues and para-tumoral tissues (Supplementary Fig. 9A, 9C), and were spatially close to each other (Supplementary Fig. 9B), suggesting an interaction between them. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and neoplasm.