Recognition of these CSP epitopes by CD8+ [20] or CD4+ [21] T-cells has been associated with protection from malaria, although, notably, we did not observe overall protection from reinfection with homologous compared to random parasites (Fig C inS1 Text), suggesting that these functional responses to CSP epitopes are either promoted during symptomatic malaria or attenuated during an asymptomatic infection. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and infection.