HIF1A and COVID-19: Our study found that Vancomycin_vanS in respiratory tract was positively correlated with “PTK6 promotes HIF1A stabilization” pathway, and HIF1A plays a key role in promoting SARS-CoV-2 infection andinducing pro-inflammatory responses to COVID-19.35 In conclusion, our study suggests that both the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria and an increased immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection might play a role in ARG accumulation.