GLI1 and plasma cell myeloma: The following genes, markers, and molecules are known to enrich the stemness properties of CSCs via Hh signaling: 1) CK2α, a protein kinase, supports lung CSCs via upregulation of Gli1 (Zhang et al., 2012b), 2) retinoic acid receptor α2 (RARα2) upregulates Hh and Wnt pathways to maintain myeloma CSCs (Yang et al., 2013), 3) PPM1D, a protein phosphatase, increased Hh signaling via target protein Gli1 in medulloblastoma CSCs (Wen et al., 2016), and 4) lncHDAC2 promotes liver CSCs through Hh signaling (Yang et al., 2020; Jahangiri et al., 2021).