TGFB1 and cancer: TGFβ is also implicated in cancer progression by inducing EMT and attenuating the anti-tumorigenic effects of dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD4+ T cells, which can be further subdivided into pro-inflammatory TH1 and anti-inflammatory TH2 cells (Akhurst and Hata, 2012; Kim et al., 2021a; Kim et al., 2021b).