TNF and arthritic joint disease: The pathogenesis of CFA-induced arthritis includes the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, prostaglandins, and serotonins, that migrate to the affected area and lead to edema in particular tissues, such as joint capsule and ligaments (Kshirsagar et al., 2014; Nasuti et al., 2019).