TNF and endothelial dysfunction: The third category includes molecules, organelles, or cell functions that play a role in both oxidative stress and pulmonary diseases, including NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), TNF-alpha, cytokines, DNA damage, macrophages, heme oxygenase, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis, cell death, and hypoxia.