TNF and breast carcinoma: In addition, CAAs can also secrete chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and leptin, which can promote the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer.