RNF43 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Given that ccRCC progression occurs even after treatment with targeted drugs and that targeted drug-resistant ccRCC exhibits downregulated RNF43 expression (Figs. 1g and 1h), we next examined whether restoring RNF43 expression could inhibit targeted drug resistance in ccRCC using a pazopanib-resistant orthotopic ccRCC model, which was described in our previous study [17].