TGFB1 and infection: As shown in Figure 5D, the reduced levels of early-response cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) following LDRT after infection on both day 1 and 3 were increased in the anti-TGF-β mAb-treated group, which was similar to the levels in virus-infected mice without LDRT (infection + mouse IgG group).