Elevated PAI-1 levels in CSF may serve as a non-specific marker of neurological disease, and CSF PAI-1 levels were significantly increased in patients with AD, cerebral ischemia, central nervous system (CNS) infection, alcohol withdrawal seizures, and CNS neoplasia compared to patients without CNS disease (Sutton et al., 1994). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and brain ischemia.