TNF and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: Additionally, the occurrence of inflammation is fundamental to the pathogenesis of Perthes disease, and previous studies have reported that genetic variations in certain inflammation-related genes, including IL-6, TLR4, TNFA, and IL-3, are associated with the development of this condition (Srzentić et al., 2014; Teplen’kiy et al., 2020).