In a study conducted by de Lemos et al. that included 2270 patients experiencing acute coronary syndromes, elevated levels of plasma MCP-1 were associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction.33 In a study by Viedt et al., it was demonstrated that MCP-1 promotes the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and this atherogenic process may be influential in CVD development. Here, CCL2 is linked to acute coronary syndrome.