APP and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: Taken together, these pathways suggest dysfunction of the brain-blood barrier grounded on cell proliferation. Graphs in Fig. 7C illustrate the expression levels of individual markers from the functional groups presented in Fig. 7B. One of the highly expressed markers, was the amyloid precursor protein (APP) which is known to be a pathognomonic marker for both Alzheimer disease and brain inflammation [62–66].