Among studies evaluating the effects of the long-term substitution of CM with SD, a crossover study conducted on patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy showed that insulin and hemoglobin A1C did not differ between the two dietary interventions containing 240 mL of Ca-fortified SD (40 mg of Ca in 100 mL of SD) or 240 mL/d of low-fat CM for 4 weeks [40]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.