PTEN and neoplasm: Proto-oncogene mutations are also well described, i.e., c-myc, RAS family genes (KRAS, HRAS, NRAS, ERB-B, BRAF, HER-2, c-KIT, BCL-2, STAT3), tumour suppressor genes called anti-oncogenes (RB1, P53, PTEN, CDKN2A, INK4), and genes controlling pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment [3,15].