OPN1SW and atherosclerosis: Unlike BCP, studies involving α-pinene [31,32], β-pinene [31,32] and α-humulene [33] have demonstrated the inability of these terpenes to interact with CB2R. Several studies have noted the significant cardiovascular-protective effects of black pepper and its terpenes against a range of CVDs, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, CAD, and HF due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-hyperlipidemia and blood pressure-lowering abilities [34,35].