HMGB1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: While the correlation between taurine and HMGB-1 has yet to be investigated in the literature, a study involving patients with bladder cancer noted elevated levels of taurine upregulate gene 1 (TUG1; long non-coding RNA transcripts that require taurine for gene upregulation) and the reversal of TUG1 knockdown by overexpression of HMGB-1 [89], thus suggesting a possible unknown mechanism between taurine, TUG1 and HMGB-1.